Apple Inc. Elasticity of Demand Cross Elasticity

Introduction: Apple, Inc. is an electronics and software company based in California, USA. Originally known as Apple Computer, the company is familiar to most people as innovators of the personal computer as it is known today. Apple Computer had introduced many of the now-commonplace features of personal computers, including the GUI, the mouse, the floppy disk drive, and color graphics. Apple Computer s Macintosh line of PC s had brought numerous software and hardware components within reach of the average home consumer, often in a stylish case and with an emphasis on usability. The restructured company, now called simply Apple, designs, markets, and sells not only personal computers but also consumer electronics in the form of†¦show more content†¦These three multinationals form the core of Samsung Group and reflect its name. Taking the Samsung Galaxy Note as a substitute product as it is classified as the world 2nd best cell phone . Samsung says it has sold over 2 million Galaxy Note superphones globally. Now, it’s only fair to remember that this number includes international sales, so even though the Note only became available on February 19 here in the States, it’s been on Asian shelves since October and U.K. shelves since November. Let’s put this in perspective. Apple sold twice that many (4 million) units of the iPhone 4S in its first weekend on the market. Samsung sold 3 million units of the Galaxy S II after 55 days on the market. So, when measured against these flagship smash hits, it’s hard to call the Note a mega-success. The galaxy note lowest price was $249.99 amp; the average price was $274.99 , While the highest price it reached was $529.99 . Elasticity of Demand amp; Cross Elasticity Elasticity of demand: Qd1 = 2,500,000 Qd2 = 7,000,000 P1 = #599 P2 = #299 % Qd = Q2 – Q1 / Q2 + Q1 /2 = 7,000,000 – 2,500,000 / 9,500,000 / 2 = 0.947 % P = P2 – P1 / P2 = P1 / 2 = 299 – 599 / 898 / 2 = 0.668 Ed = % Qd / % P = 0.947 / 0.668 = 1.417 * Product is elastic as the Ed is greater than 1 . Cross ElasticityShow MoreRelatedApple Inc. : The Smart Phone Market1415 Words   |  6 PagesApple Inc. entered the smart phone market in 2007 with the launch of a basic 4GB and 8GB iPhone. Since that time, the iPhone has revolutionized the smart phone market and redefined the idea of meeting consumer demands. Apple has been introduced a new model of its successful iPhone each year and consistently achieves higher market share than its competition. This essay examines the Apple iPhone from an economic perspective. 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Hamlet’s Infatuation with Death Free Essays

†An Undiscover’d Country†: Hamlet’s Infatuation With Death Have you ever wondered what happens to you when you kick the bucket? Will you still be the same person? Or is death really the great equalizer? Is it possible we all end up the same? Death is a very scary and lonely thing to think about, and nothing is a greater example of that than William Shakespeare’s famous play Hamlet. Hamlet is infatuated with the idea of death and what it brings. With comments like, â€Å"To die: to sleep; / No more,† (Hamlet 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlet’s Infatuation with Death or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. 61-62) and â€Å"we fat all/ Creatures else to fat us† (4. 3. 3-24), it is clear Hamlet has a very lonely and depressing view on what happens when you bite the dust. Hamlet’s fascination with death and dismal view on it are all evident throughout the whole play. We start to learn that Hamlet has a bizarre fascination with death when, every other scene, he is talking how everyone will end up in the ground one way or another. â€Å"To be or not to be – that is the question† (3. 1. 57), is where it all starts off. From this famous speech to the end of the play, all Hamlet worries about is death. He continues to go on and on about how we will all become equal and starts to wonder what it is like to die. Hamlet often talks about self-murder, or suicide, and how it will affect his afterlife if he decided to do it. HAMLET. O, that this too solid flesh would melt Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew! Or that the Everlasting had not fix’d His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter! O God! O God! (1. 2. 129-132) Hamlet is obviously contemplating suicide here, but then he realized that he cannot go to Heaven if he commits suicide. Going to Hell is something that Hamlet does not want at all. This is obvious because, throughout the play, Hamlet thinks about killing himself, but he never does because he is scared to die, and even worse, scared to go to Hell. The language that Hamlet uses to express death is very interesting. The way and how Hamlet talks about death all the time is extremely depressing to read and I can only imagine how it made Hamlet depressed. Hamlet often has trouble with expressing his views on death as he often has conflicting statements. Sometimes he will think of death as an adventure, â€Å"The undiscover’d country from whose bourn/ No traveller returns† (3. 1. 81-82), or he will think of it as an extremely gruesome thing, â€Å"A certain/ Convocation of politic worms are e’en at him. † (4. 3. 21-22). The way he talks about death here is cringe-worthy. Just thinking about worms chowing down on Polonius is nauseating. Hamlet does not often talk about death this way in the play, though. He is almost making a joke in this quote, but the joke is true and extremely gross. Hamlet’s view on death is very dark and grim. His believe that death makes us all equal and there is nothing we can do to prevent that. In Act Five, Hamlet is in a graveyard with Horatio and is carrying on a very dark conversation with him. Hamlet has a very interesting quote in this Act, â€Å"Alexander died, Alexander was buried, / Alexander returneth into dust† (5. 1. 189-190). This quote is about Alexander the Great, and his name should go without saying that he was a very important person. It is depressing to think about it because Alexander was a great king. But he ended up like we will all end up, and that is dust in the ground. In the same scene Hamlet drops another interesting quote, â€Å"let her paint an/ Inch thick, to this favor she must come† (5. 1. 170-171). Hamlet happens to be holding the skull of Yorick when he says this. No matter how much make-up, or paint, you put on, no matter how much you dress up and act fancy, you will still end up like Yorick. And the sad part is that there is nothing you can do to prevent it. Mortality is a very commonly thought about in this play. Hamlet is not the only character that worries about the afterlife. Almost every character in the play has a view on life and death. Their views maybe different, most are still depressing. This theme is present because Shakespeare’s view on death was depressing. Hamlet’s view on death is a direct relation to William Shakespeare’s. They both believe we will end up the same; a dead body in the ground. How to cite Hamlet’s Infatuation with Death, Papers

Understanding Language and Literacy ICT

Question: Discuss about theUnderstanding Language and Literacyfor ICT. Answer: Part A: Newsletter Article Language, Literacy and ICT The technological advancements of recent times have culminated in the rapid utilization of the information and communications technology (ICT) in various domains. Education sector is no exception to this and ICT has opened up a plethora of opportunities particularly for elementary education thereby facilitating inclusive learning. ICT act as tools to mediate the cognitive and holistic development in the child thus accounting for several essential skills and competencies encompassing language, numeracy and literacy among many. ICT can be effectively integrated with the pedagogical principles that are in vogue to make them accessible to children of school going age for appropriate utilization (Lim Oakley, 2013). Assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of the ICT has resulted in implicating for more benefits than risks in case of the students receiving primary education in school settings. Benefits may be understood in the context of the students, teachers and parents. Greater efficiency is generally fostered throughout the school curriculum through opening up of various avenues pertaining to communication channels. Motivational influence with respect to multiple curriculum subjects is generally provided by ICT through emancipation of students learning. Quality of education is facilitated through enhancement carried out with respect to teachers training and acquisition of basic skills (Kerckaert, Vanderlinde van Braak, 2015). However, the teachers attitude towards the implementation of the ICT in schools serves as a major impediment in terms of utilizing the full potential during the foundation years of a childs development. Reluctance of the teachers to use ICT in early education due to the notion of ICT as harmful may be cited as the cause behind such belief. Moreover, the expenses incurred in providing computer facilities through ICT are a major drawback accounting for the single largest curriculum budget cost thus providing little scope for other significant expenditures necessary for the school setting. Research suggests that in case of the impaired children, there is greater propensity for acceptance of ICT in contrast to the healthier counterparts (Hasan, Ashraf Rahman, 2016). Learning experiences are normally provided in course of a specific educational curriculum with the aim of providing optimum benefits by means of engagement, motivation and enthusiasm to make way for active participation thereby accounting for learner autonomy. School serves as an important layout for the participation of the students in a vast array of computer based activities while home serves as the source for a comparatively narrower set of computer tasks. Transformation of the teaching style into a learner centric style is generally facilitated by virtue of applying ICT. Convenience and ease in mutual interaction between the teacher and the student is the prime merit of ICT based classroom teaching. Higher number of academic affordances as well as possibilities is generated for both the instructors and students alike through ICT. Thus a positive school culture and environment helps to promote ICT based education thereby ensuring holistic development in the child (Fu, 2013). In e lementary education, language and literacy are two of the crucial components that serve as potent factors in shaping a childs future. Communication skills help in promotion of these two competencies by adopting suitable educational interventions. In this context, ICT is found to be beneficial to harbor the optimal outcomes. Studies conducted on children having autism have highlighted on the applicability of the ICT to address the communication issues in the concerned population. Recent ICT applications concerning the autistic children comprise of the usage of interactive environments implemented in cases of special input devices as well as computers in addition to the virtual surroundings, serious games, avatars and telerehabilitation. Robotic systems an important ICT tool serves to evaluate the childs response to robot behaviors as well as allow elicitation of behaviors that are unique to the child. Further modeling, teaching and practicing of requisite skills with scopes of provid ing feedbacks relevant to a specific environment is encouraged through ICT. Thus the utilities of ICT may be procured through adaptability of the resources carried out in case of providing language and literacy competency (Boucenna et al., 2014). Impact of ICT is not limited to language and literacy sectors alone. Extended application of ICT includes application in the mathematical domain. Matters pertaining to the effectiveness and efficiency concerning mathematical education revealed certain significant findings. According to the study outcomes, differences existed between pupils in schools standing for with and without ICT shortage. Variations were also noted among students who are habituated to frequent usage of ICT or no ICT application at all. However, differences did not remain at instances of accounting for characteristics relevant to teacher, student and school. Mathematical ability is largely dependent upon the numeracy proficiency of the child; therefore careful attention being focused on the mathematical education may ensure numerical literacy improvement in the child (De Witte Rogge, 2014). The potent applications for ICT involve its utilization in the education for the pre schoolers. Research has highlighted on the necessity for collaborative learning in case of the kindergarten children along with proper assistance from ICT. Further, pre-school children having memory difficulties may benefit from ICT has also been the pivotal theme of research since quite a long time. Children having certain deficits are thus addressed by virtue of application of breakthrough technologies that lead to the all round growth and development in the child (Drigas, Kokkalia Lytras, 2015). Acquisition and subsequent consolidation of the language, literacy skills is encouraged by means of adopting various teaching methods. In this regard the didactic approach or a more learner centered approach may be suggested. Empirical findings emphasized on the effective utilizati on of the ICT by the parents, practitioners and young children during the early years foundation stage. Improvisation of active pedagogical methodologies is thus encouraged to procure the maximum benefits concerning technological advances through generation of imaginative solutions (Aubrey Dahl, 2014). Therefore, dynamic initiatives from all end concerned involving the parents, educators and the pupils will pave the way for promoting the language, literacy and communication skills. Speaking, reading, listening, writing, communicating skills that are very much interrelated serve to provide real life as well as meaningful experiences with respect to provision for gaining an insight into matters related to language and literacy. Part B: Teaching Resource Literacy is a long sought term that is applicable throughout the tenure of a persons lifetime in judging his or her potentials based on the education received. In this context, reference may be made of a book resource that is specifically meant for lower primary children to encourage them to read thereby promoting learning ability through acquisition of reading skill and supporting holistic development by means of fostering literacy. The book named Sails Take-Home Library Set A: A Safe Place to Sleep, may be recommended in this regard that contain stimulating texts encouraging take home reading programs. Inclusion of amusing characters, colorful illustrations in addition to descriptions of humorous situations attract the attention of the students and facilitate their learning abilities outside the conventional classroom set up. Further the incorporation of the Parents Notes section in the book assist in honing their wards reading skills (pearson.com.au, 2017). Aims of using the Resource: To encourage the child to actively take part in reading books thereby strengthening their reading proficiency To enable the pupils to get familiarize with words and sentences that might help them to better understand the application of the language taught in class in a lucid yet captivating manner Childhood encompasses the formative period in a persons life during which he or she engages in both active and passive learning by means of utilization of diverse skills and abilities. However, the varied cultural backgrounds and different native languages in case of many children pose challenges in getting acquainted with the specific format. The demographic distinction accounting for diverse practices have gradually leaded to the necessity for standardizing the language usage for the ease of understanding and maintaining uniformity. Linguistics skills offer the opportunity of reading, spoken as well as writing ability that in turn stand as vital markers for literacy (Genishi Dyson, 2015). Thus the reading book might enable the children to polish their language comprehension and enhance their vocabulary through learning of new words and phrases. Research has necessitated the development of innovative school curriculum in conjunction with family literacy programs and bridging the ho me and school practices through encouragement of parental involvement in school. Study concerning immigrant childrens literacy development has revealed the utility of reading books as the commonest practice. Engagement in oral language and literacy activities at home among immigrant second language learners are found to be beneficial to foster literacy likewise in case of monolingual children (Dixon Wu, 2014). Further studies have brought to the forefront important findings with respect to the issue of early development among dual language learners who possess varied cultural backgrounds. Factors related to the functions of language use at home along with other parameters of maternal immigration, country of descent as well as socio-demographic variables were closely examined. Results showed that immigrant status, gender along with maternal education status act as mediating factors between usage of home languages and child outcomes. In case of the English speaking households, both g ender as well as parental education was found to be more strongly related with child outcomes (Winsler et al., 2014). Literacy in todays world is guided by certain pertinent principles. Scaffolding of student reading, writing, viewing, listening and speaking are the responsibilities of effective teaching through various forms of reading and writing such as modeled, interactive, shared, independent and guided. The identification of the learning patterns of the students with the aid of sociocultural and sociolinguistics theories, behaviorism, constructivism and information regarding cognitive or information processing is integral to effective teaching apart from supporting for utilization of the appropriate cueing systems by the students. Organization of language, literature as well as literacy instruction through proper linkage between instruction and assessment are other functions of effective teaching (Tompkins et al. 2014). Thus in keeping with the existing guidelines the resource may be efficiently utilized to foster learning and literacy among the pupil receiving primary education through school setting. Further studies encompassing continuity and change relevant to the home literacy environment have been indicated as predictors of growth in vocabulary and reading (Snchal LeFevre, 2014). Therefore the book resource as suggested may be used that will enhance the habit of book reading among the children simultaneously improving their vocabulary base. Different ways of adapting and extending strategies to include the diverse interests and needs of children and cater for different age groups: Linking the relationship between speaking and listening in addition to reading and writing Creative approach to writing for the sake of promoting literacy Motivating the children to engage in writing Teachers must pay attention to the progresses as well as the challenges faced in course of learning modules Teachers must be thorough about the curriculum knowledge and demonstrate good subject knowledge as well Proper planning should be followed while preparing for well structured lessons Cognitive development of the child must be considered while improvising the lessons and utilizing the teaching resource Age of the pupil is an important determinant of the learning and cognitive development in the child and therefore calls for adequate emphasis being laid upon the age specific moderation of the academic curriculum (Wilson, 2014). Justification of the Learning Experiences The early Years Learning Framework (EYLF) has detected five key principles that accounts for effective childhood practice that include secure, reciprocal and respectful relationships, collaboration between early childhood educators and families, high expectations and equity, value for diversity as well as ongoing learning and reflective practice. Holistic approaches are generally followed to trace the responsiveness in children and facilitating learning through play by means of amalgamating the content with pedagogy to achieve the desired learning outcomes meant for present and future well being, participation and success of young learners (foundationinquirylearning.global2.vic.edu.au, 2017). Transition to literacy is considered as a vital step towards progressive learning through various skills enhancement Cook-Gumperz, 2013). Thus the differences in cultural backgrounds as well as home languages in case of children must be addressed properly to provide succinct resolution relevant to the pertinent issues related to learning and education. References Aubrey, C., Dahl, S. (2014). The confidence and competence in information and communication technologies of practitioners, parents and young children in the Early Years Foundation Stage.Early years,34(1), 94-108. Boucenna, S., Narzisi, A., Tilmont, E., Muratori, F., Pioggia, G., Cohen, D., Chetouani, M. (2014). Interactive technologies for autistic children: a review.Cognitive Computation,6(4), 722-740. Cook-Gumperz, J. (2013). The Transition to Literacy.Writing: The nature, development, and teaching of written communication, 89. De Witte, K., Rogge, N. (2014). Does ICT matter for effectiveness and efficiency in mathematics education?.Computers Education,75, 173-184. Dixon, L. Q., Wu, S. (2014). Home language and literacy practices among immigrant second-language learners.Language Teaching,47(04), 414-449. Drigas, A., Kokkalia, G., Lytras, M. D. (2015). ICT and collaborative co-learning in preschool children who face memory difficulties.Computers in Human Behavior,51, 645-651. Foundationinquirylearning.global2.vic.edu.au,. (2017). Foundations for learning: Relationships between the Early Years Learning Framework and the Australian Curriculum. Retrieved 5 February 2017, from https://foundationinquirylearning.global2.vic.edu.au/files/2013/06/ECA_ACARA_Foundations_Paper-2cq59mi.pdf Fu, J. S. (2013). ICT in education: A critical literature review and its implications.International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology,9(1), 112. Genishi, C., Dyson, A. H. (2015).Children, language, and literacy: Diverse learners in diverse times. Teachers College Press. Hasan, N., Ashraf, M., Rahman, A. (2016). Effects of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in the Childhood Developments and Lives of Disabilities: A Multivariate Analysis.Science,4(1-1), 28-37. Kerckaert, S., Vanderlinde, R., van Braak, J. (2015). The role of ICT in early childhood education: Scale development and research on ICT use and influencing factors. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal,23(2), 183-199. Lim, C. P., Oakley, G. (2013). Information and communication technologies (ICT) in primary education. InCreating holistic technology-enhanced learning experiences(pp. 1-18). SensePublishers. Pearson.com.au,. (2017). Sails Take-Home Library Set A: A Safe Place to Sleep (Reading Level 7/FP Level E), 1st, Gibson, Brylee | Buy Online at Pearson. Pearson.com.au. Retrieved 5 February 2017, from https://www.pearson.com.au/9781869701673 Snchal, M., LeFevre, J. A. (2014). Continuity and change in the home literacy environment as predictors of growth in vocabulary and reading.Child Development,85(4), 1552-1568. Tompkins, G., Campbell, R., Green, D., Smith, C. (2014).Literacy for the 21st century. Pearson Australia. Wilson, A. (Ed.). (2014).Creativity in primary education. Learning Matters. Winsler, A., Burchinal, M. R., Tien, H. C., Peisner-Feinberg, E., Espinosa, L., Castro, D. C., ... De Feyter, J. (2014). Early development among dual language learners: The roles of language use at home, maternal immigration, country of origin, and socio-demographic variables.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,29(4), 750-764.

Pricing Strategies in International Markets

Introduction The theory of marketing establishes pricing as one of the major contributors of the marketing mix. Pricing attracts potential buyers and inspire them to purchase goods. Fast food companies distribute and advertise their products using the marketing strategy; they also apply the strategy to retain a desirable business relationship with their clients. Pricing is important in marketing mix.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pricing Strategies in International Markets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is however one of the hard decisions experienced by fast food industries because of high competition rates (Myers 1997,p.20), local trading blocks, counter market requirements (Cavusgil Zou 1994,p.18) and harsh exchange rates (Knetter 1994,p.14). Fast food customers have different opinions about the products produced by different fast food restaurants depending on their pricing. For that reason, setting pr oduct price to satisfy different customers is a hard task. The price of a product may have an effect on consumer’s feelings about the quality of the product. Fast food companies have to come up with pricing strategies for their products in order to fit into global markets. Fast food industries are faced with a hard task of setting prices for global markets. Different countries have different decisions concerning products, their pricing and distribution in global markets and local markets (Jain 1998, p.71). In addition, other factors like trade penetration, product demand and competition, control over competition entry, market and environmental factors, fast cash recovery, political, social-cultural and economic factors should be considered when making pricing decisions for global markets. Pricing strategies Price is the value charged for goods and services in monetary terms. The price of a product takes into account the cost of producing the item, the cost involved in providi ng the item to the customer and the amount expected in profit to avoid being eliminated from the business.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order for the fast food companies to stay in international markets, they should try to maintain best quality at lowest price. Price can be direct indication of quality of goods and services. Fast food companies should therefore consider different factors before pricing their products when venturing into global markets. Reasons for selling globally Companies opt to sell globally following the pull factors attracting them to foreign markets, and the push factors that make local markets unattractive. Some of factors that have led fast food companies to go international include: production of goods for international export only, congestion of local market thus goes globally to enjoy large economies of scale, the type of products that call for companies to operate globally and saturation of local markets. Fast food companies should consider pricing as a measure of readiness to face competition not only from local markets, but also from global markets. Being globally competitive is important for the success of fast food companies’ exports. It also strengthens the domestic companies to counter foreign imports. Success in exports is important to a nation’s economy, not only at macroeconomic level, but also at micro economic level. Fast food companies that are involved in global markets have an additional advantage to those at domestic market levels. These advantages includes: high levels of sales and opportunities, reduced production cost due to large sales volume, high profits due to low production cost , high competitive power increases the companies status at global market levels and taking advantage over large economies of scale. Fluctuations in prices of fast foods help the fast food companies to set p rices both domestically and globally. Discovery of new markets for their products with low local prices assists these companies in setting the prices of these products internationally. This helps in extending the life cycle of the product in the market. Fast food companies that operate internationally have the advantage of finding untapped markets for their products; therefore, they have a choice of fixing prices for their products.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pricing Strategies in International Markets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pitfalls of international markets Knowing the pitfalls associated with international markets is a strategy that is applied by fast food companies when setting the prices for their products. Some of these pitfalls include: a lot of time is required by the management in decision making process and neglect of domestic industries as a result of a lot of devotion to international c ompanies by the key staff. Additional industry facilities maybe required and advertising and sales promotion might be needed to translate into overseas languages. The products might require more modification to cater for global market requirements and the companies may be required to offer credit facilities to curb competition and domestic custom transactions, which consumes lot of time. Considering these pitfalls is an important strategy that fast food companies should use when setting the prices for their products globally. Global markets vs. domestic markets Before making decision about setting prices for their products in global markets, fast food companies have a task of determining the factors that influence the environment in which the international market takes place. They should take precautions like making comparison between the natures of local market with that of international market. Basically, there are added complications associated with making sales across internatio nal borders. These challenges may be associated with environmental, economical, legal and cultural factors of the new global market. The company may be required to follow some regulations, both political and monetary; this may affect the initial stages of global pricing and marketing (Diamantopoulos 1995,p.6). Fast food companies that operate in international markets face more competition as compared to those operating locally. International markets are comprised of extra markets as well as new environments and parameters. This means that companies have to take more marketing and administration functions. Therefore, when pricing for global markets, these companies should consider the change in attitudes of the targeted clients. It is imperative to carry out a survey to get accustomed with the consumers’ culture, religion and language (Douglass Wind 1987, p.24).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For fast food companies to survive and to be established in international markets, they have to think ahead of their local markets. The duty associated with global markets is similar to that of local markets. In both cases, consumers are the driving powers towards marketing, and therefore, companies need consistency in production. The pricing should match the market needs and their distribution channels. This can however be different in the domestic markets. Therefore, companies get used to the requirements of these domestic consumers. However, at global levels, economic, social, political and technological factors have been used to examine international market opportunities in pricing products. Social factors Different people from different cultures have diversity in tastes of products. When setting the prices for their products, fast food industries should put into consideration the population structure of the international market they are targeting. Most major international marke ts of western culture are comprised of an aging population. The demographic trends associated with countries like China and India indicate a high rise in global marketing. Social factors will incorporate the emergence of young people as a new market segment. New global markets, like Africa, are growing and becoming a significant part of international trade. Fast food companies have to consider the local languages, education and religion, values and attitudes, material culture and aesthetics. Fast food companies have the responsibility of cautiously studying the target group in the market, customer’s behaviors and their purchasing power. According to Douglass and Wind (1987, p.27), the level of pricing is a significant criteria applied by customers in determining the competitiveness of a product. In addition, other criteria like the quality of goods and their performance are also vital to customers. Therefore, when pricing, fast food companies must have information concerning perceptions, tastes, preferences and purchasing power of consumers in regard to the prices of the products (Theodosiou 2000, p.247). Technological factors In order to come up with good pricing strategies, fast food companies should examine the technological nature of the global market. Advancement in communication and infrastructure is a significant step in satisfying the needs of customers. Most international companies depend on already established local infrastructural networks for distribution of goods to their customers. This is cost effective and may have a great impact on price and profits. Technological advancements are dynamic phenomena. An ideal example is the Internet; it facilitates online transactions between companies’ suppliers, partners, customers and subsidiaries worldwide. However, it can also create an increase in competition, and therefore, technological advancements create both challenges and opportunities. Pricing is affected by environmental factors; by considering the fundamentals of cost and self interests of the companies, fast food industries should take advantage when there is a fluctuation in environmental factors (Williamson 1975, p.34). Due to technological improvements, environmental factors such as monetary and competitive forces affect the global performance. Economic factors The economic stability of any international market is measured using its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). An increase in GDP means an increase in demand for products and services. Fast food companies should put into consideration the flow and distribution of profits within the country which they want to invest. In this way, they are capable of determining their pricing following the GDP of that country. It is important for the companies to look not only the current economic development of a country, but also the future development. This can be determined by the overlook of country’s demographic trends, the trends on economic development and infl ation, income distribution and age, the state of urban growth as well as activities that will influence markets and pricing. The nature of the economy of a host nation affects the decisions concerning pricing. It affects the company’s costs; influences demand power of a particular product in the market and the will to purchase a product by the consumers (Whitelock Pimblett, 1997, p.48). Political factors According to Theodosiou (2000, p.249), pricing is determined by rules and laws which facilitate modifications of goods, compliance with the hygienic standards, environmental policies, and production procedures that exists in global markets. Policies set by the government of foreign countries are vital in lawmaking and establishment monetary frameworks. For fast food companies to carry out their businesses in global markets, they should abide by these rules and regulations when setting prices for their products. Policy environment For fast food companies to make decisions abo ut pricing their products in foreign markets, they should put into consideration the environmental factors of such markets. These factors are put in place to determine whether such decisions are opportunities or constraints in that market. The social and cultural structure of such a market is the determining factor that is first put into consideration. By accepting bilateral market agreements and other fiscal and policy interactions, companies should also abide by the country’s marketing standards and rules. Therefore, companies must obey the law; know government policies and the way they are created. This is vital for their decision making concerning the product pricing (Myers Harvey 2001,p.4) Conclusion Pricing can be considered as one of the greatest challenges faced by fast food companies. Making decisions concerning the price in global marketing is a complicated task. It may comprise the cost of production, cost of distributing the goods and the outcome of goods in term s of profits in order to remain in the market. Appropriate pricing considers the costs, competition and demand for the product in the market. In local markets fast food companies have a freedom to price their products without taking into account the pricing policies of their competitors. This also applies to international markets where the market is dominated by many competitors. Fast food companies are left with no choice but to follow the existing price, or sometimes lower their prices to sell more and win more customers. Refrences Cavusgil, T Zou, S 1994, â€Å"Marketing Strategy-Performance Relationship: An Investigation of the Empirical Link in Export Market Ventures†. Journal of Marketing , vol. 58 no. 1, pp.1-21. Diamantopoulos, A 1995, Making Pricing Decisions: a Study of Managerial Practice, London, Uk, Chapman and Hall. Douglass, P Wind, Y 1987, â€Å"The Myth of Globalization†. Columbia Journal of World Business , vol. 22 no. 1, pp.19-29. Jain, S 1989, â⠂¬Å"Standardization of International Marketing Strategy: Some Research Hypotheses†. Journal of Marketing , vol. 53 no. 1, pp.70-79. Knetter, M 1994, â€Å"Is Export Price Adjustment Asymmetric? Evaluating the Market Share and Marketing Bottleneck Hypothesis†. Journal of International Money and Finance , vol. 13 no. 1, pp.13-68. Myers, M 1997, â€Å"The Pricing of Export Products: Why Aren’t Managers Satisfied with the Results†. Journal of World Business , vol. 32 no. 3, pp. 277-289. Myers, M Harvey, M 2001, â€Å"The Value of Pricing Control in Export Channels: A Governance Perspective†. Journal of International Marketing , vol. 9 no. 4, pp.1-29. Theodosiou, M 2000, â€Å"Factors Influencing Degree of International Pricing Strategy : An Empirical Investigation†. Marketing in a Global Economy Proceeding , vol. 36 no. 3, pp. 246-530. Whitelock, J Pimblett, C 1997, â€Å"The Standardization Debate in International Marketing†. Journal of Global Marketing , vol. 10 no. 3, pp.45-66. Williamson, O 1975, Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Anti-trust Implications, New York, The Free Press. This essay on Pricing Strategies in International Markets was written and submitted by user Raquel Wilder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Kestrel For A Knave By Barry Hines Essays

A Kestrel For A Knave By Barry Hines Essays A Kestrel For A Knave By Barry Hines Paper A Kestrel For A Knave By Barry Hines Paper This quote proves that Billy Casper is being bullied for the slightest thing- Slack work. Billy could have ended up with a bruise, graze, or a severe injury like a black eye. Of course, this depends on the power of the kick, which in my opinion was a hard kick. Its no different to Solomon Morris: I turn to go. The ball hits me with full force on the face. I stumble. He comes across. Sorry sol, it was an accident. I see him through as blur. My head is thumping I wipe my face in my sleeve, and taste salty tears. I have to get away. The same again! Bullied by the cruel teacher! Its not his fault hes uncoordinated. All the class knows that, but then why doesnt Watkins support him? This shows that Billy and Solomon are physically abused, but it doesnt stop there; theyre also verbally abused: Casper! Casper, get down lad! That do you think you are, an ape? No sir, Im just keeping warm. Well get down then, before I come and make you red hot! God help up; fifteen years old and still doesnt know the positions of a football team. The two quotes above show that Billy is being verbally abused and proves that Sugden thinks hes too thick for his age. Its quite an insult actually. The second quote shows that Sugden is picking on Billy while Billys struggling to keep warm. Again with Solomon, he is being verbally abused: What are you going to do? Go crying home to mummy? This takes place at the same time as the physical, so for poor Solomon its two for one. With the verbal abuse, the teachers both have a sarcastic attitude, and act like they have no care in the world. There are very powerful words used to describe the teachers and the way they communicate: Sneers Red hot (threat), etc.

Challenges Faced by Immigrants

Challenges faced by immigrants Thousands of families have left home due to the changing environment of all ages. Regardless of whether you are forced to make such a decision or not, all immigrants must bear the physical and psychological challenges encountered in the process. Talking about the experiences of all these different people using the same idea and example would be very inaccurate. However, they all have to experience similar circumstances and deal with similar problems. One of the first challenges faced by immigrants is the cost of immigration. Because many immigrants are looking for a better economic situation in a new country, the cost of emigration can be enormous for them. It is not unusual for immigrants to liquidate their assets (which can cause a lot of losses), and that move can afford. Furthermore, during immigration control, many people do not have a job, so they have to find a job after they settle down. Most of the issues related to immigration are related to t he absorption of life in the recipient country. Many immigrants receive low-wage jobs until they adapt to society, get houses, and receive education. Immigrants must learn a new way of life and be acquainted with the language and laws of the recipient country. Many immigrants leave their country to escape persecution, but host countries may face discrimination and even racial discrimination. As the number of immigrants increases, many countries face the challenge of building citizens' identity and accepting immigrants. In some countries, we are making comprehensive efforts to raise immigrants' sense of belonging to host countries. For example, Canada has the highest permanent residency in the world. The Canadian government encourages immigrants to develop a sense of belonging to Canada and promotes the concept of more comprehensive national identity, including those born in Canada and immigrants. In some countries it is not very comprehensive. For example, Russia experienced two maj or immigrants, the 1990s and 1998 and beyond. Immigrants are deemed negative by Russian citizens and are considered unwelcome and insulting customers. Immigrants are considered outsiders and are excluded from sharing the identity of the citizens of Russia. Challenges Faced by Immigrants Challenges faced by immigrants Thousands of families have left home due to the changing environment of all ages. Regardless of whether you are forced to make such a decision or not, all immigrants must bear the physical and psychological challenges encountered in the process. Talking about the experiences of all these different people using the same idea and example would be very inaccurate. However, they all have to experience similar circumstances and deal with similar problems. One of the first challenges faced by immigrants is the cost of immigration. Because many immigrants are looking for a better economic situation in a new country, the cost of emigration can be enormous for them. It is not unusual for immigrants to liquidate their assets (which can cause a lot of losses), and that move can afford. Furthermore, during immigration control, many people do not have a job, so they have to find a job after they settle down. Most of the issues related to immigration are related to t he absorption of life in the recipient country. Many immigrants receive low-wage jobs until they adapt to society, get houses, and receive education. Immigrants must learn a new way of life and be acquainted with the language and laws of the recipient country. Many immigrants leave their country to escape persecution, but host countries may face discrimination and even racial discrimination. As the number of immigrants increases, many countries face the challenge of building citizens' identity and accepting immigrants. In some countries, we are making comprehensive efforts to raise immigrants' sense of belonging to host countries. For example, Canada has the highest permanent residency in the world. The Canadian government encourages immigrants to develop a sense of belonging to Canada and promotes the concept of more comprehensive national identity, including those born in Canada and immigrants. In some countries it is not very comprehensive. For example, Russia experienced two maj or immigrants, the 1990s and 1998 and beyond. Immigrants are deemed negative by Russian citizens and are considered unwelcome and insulting customers. Immigrants are considered outsiders and are excluded from sharing the identity of the citizens of Russia. Challenges Faced by Immigrants Challenges faced by immigrants Thousands of families have left home due to the changing environment of all ages. Regardless of whether you are forced to make such a decision or not, all immigrants must bear the physical and psychological challenges encountered in the process. Talking about the experiences of all these different people using the same idea and example would be very inaccurate. However, they all have to experience similar circumstances and deal with similar problems. One of the first challenges faced by immigrants is the cost of immigration. Because many immigrants are looking for a better economic situation in a new country, the cost of emigration can be enormous for them. It is not unusual for immigrants to liquidate their assets (which can cause a lot of losses), and that move can afford. Furthermore, during immigration control, many people do not have a job, so they have to find a job after they settle down. Most of the issues related to immigration are related to t he absorption of life in the recipient country. Many immigrants receive low-wage jobs until they adapt to society, get houses, and receive education. Immigrants must learn a new way of life and be acquainted with the language and laws of the recipient country. Many immigrants leave their country to escape persecution, but host countries may face discrimination and even racial discrimination. As the number of immigrants increases, many countries face the challenge of building citizens' identity and accepting immigrants. In some countries, we are making comprehensive efforts to raise immigrants' sense of belonging to host countries. For example, Canada has the highest permanent residency in the world. The Canadian government encourages immigrants to develop a sense of belonging to Canada and promotes the concept of more comprehensive national identity, including those born in Canada and immigrants. In some countries it is not very comprehensive. For example, Russia experienced two maj or immigrants, the 1990s and 1998 and beyond. Immigrants are deemed negative by Russian citizens and are considered unwelcome and insulting customers. Immigrants are considered outsiders and are excluded from sharing the identity of the citizens of Russia.

Genetic modification of foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Genetic modification of foods - Essay Example Genetic engineering is the process of altering the genes of a species by transferring certain traits from the genes of other species into it. Genes are composed of DNA and constitute instructions which direct the cell production of proteins which in turn, facilitate the functions of the cell. Nevertheless, this is an act of meddling with the nature. These days various religious and public interest organizations, environmental activists and numerous other government and private agencies are raising their consent against the genetic modification of the foods. Agribusiness has received massive criticism for enhancing the profitability of the business with the genetic modification of food without care for the environment unfriendly side effects of the same. Owing to our limited knowledge, we are not able to identify many potential demerits of the practice of modifying the genes of the foods we consume. Nature knows its laws best and any attempt to improvise the nature of food does not co me without side effects. Genetic modification of foods yields both direct and indirect unfavorable consequences. Genetic modification may not necessarily make the crop harmful to eat, but may also generate negative effects for the environment in the course of cultivating the very crop. In the Nature study, pollen from the B.t. corn was found to cause the monarch butterfly caterpillars to die in large numbers (Whitman). This was a surprising discovery since monarch caterpillars feed upon the milkweed plants instead of corn. The most likely way for the corn pollen to make it to the caterpillars’ stomach requires wind to blow them and place them upon the milkweed plants. A lot of effort has conventionally been made to cultivate such B.t. toxin that kills just the crop-destroying pests, but hardly any has met with success. Not only the butterfly caterpillars, but also several other species of organisms are exposed to the risk by the B.t. toxins. â€Å"These genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can spread through nature and interbreed with natural organisms, thereby contaminating non 'GE' environments and future generations in an unforeseeable and uncontrollable way† (â€Å"What wrong with†). Thus, we are increasing the resistance of our crops against diseases on the cost of the life of various species and organisms which are not only harmless for us but also play a fundamental role in the beautification of nature. Genetic modification of food cultivates an allergen into it. â€Å"[A] soybean engineered to contain genes from a brazil nut was found to produce allergic reactions in blood serum of individuals with nut allergies† (Massey). These reactions are very serious and have the potential to be fatal. In this particular case, conducting test for the allergenic potential was easier because of the commonality of the nut allergies but it may not be quite as easier in other cases. Identifying the food item that might have instigated the a llergic reaction becomes very cumbersome when a familiar genetically engineered food starts producing unusual substances in the bloodstream. Sometimes, characteristics that have been induced in the food with positive intention can prove toxic in effect. For example, the Bt toxin that is produced by bacteria is conventionally deemed safe for the humans. Toxin in these bacteria sustains in the form of protoxin that yields negative effects for the insects after the digestive system of the insect has activated it. Humans lack sufficient knowledge about exposure to such a toxin form that is produced in activated form by the genetically modified Bt crops and existed before only in the insects’